Twelfth Night Coursework Assignment

5. â€Å"Conceal what I am† Explore the theme of disguise and deception in â€Å"Twelfth Night† William Shakespeare's ‘Twelfth Night' is based around disguise in the form of deception. In ‘Twelfth Night', disguise takes many different shapes from physical to mental disguise. One of the major themes of ‘Twelfth Night' is also misperception and deception. Yet, paradoxically along the way there are many problems, deceptions and illusions, providing a comment on human behaviour and creating comedy. In ‘Twelfth Night', Shakespeare explores and illustrates the theme of deception and disguise with precise detail. In ‘Twelfth Night', it is evident that the fluctuation in attitude to the dual role and situation and tribulations imposed upon the character of Viola ends up in a better understanding of both sexes, and thus, allows Viola to have a better understanding for Orsino. â€Å"Stand you awhile aloof. Cesario, Thou know'st no less but all; I have unclasp'd To thee the book even of my secret soul.† Here it is apparent that after very little time Viola has won the trust of Orsino through her disguise and he seems to have decided that he can divulge more in Viola than in anyone else. She decides to take on this identity because she has more liberty in society in her Cesario mask, which is obvious when Orsino readily accepts her. Orsino confides in Cesario the most intimate feelings of his ‘secret soul' and grows accustomed to Cesario very quickly, whereas, in her female identity, it is clear that she would not enjoy such freedom. I also think this is significant, as Shakespeare is conveying the impression that because Viola has disguised herself as a ‘eunuch' she has more autonomy and less constraints; I think Shakespeare's underlying and implicit message is that sometimes it is beneficial for women to dress as men to achieve freedom; therefore assuming a disguise is necessary. The theme of deception is also evident immediately in the play. A supposedly ‘noble' Duke Orsino is suffering due to his unrequited ‘love' for the Lady Olivia. † If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, The appetite may sicken, and so die.† There is a touch of unreality and deception here about Orsino's distress, as if he unconsciously enjoying the situation he is in and so the audience is left to deduce whether or not Orsino is in self-deception. Shakespeare hints here that Orsino's love for Olivia is a hyperbolic, abstract love and one of self-indulgence as it is ‘high-fantastical' and so he encourages the audience to look more intimately and interpret Orsino's ‘spirit of love' as one of self-delusion. Orsino constantly reiterates how immense his ‘love' is for Olivia, but it is easily seen as empty rhetoric. He is infatuated with the notion of love, and himself as the great, contemporary lover rather like Romeo from Shakespeare's ‘Romeo and Juliet'. Deception plays a role here because it is clear Orsino's conception of himself is misplaced and so he is self-deceiving and also this highlights his egotistical nature. Shakespeare also uses iambic pentameter here and this defines Orsino's character to a certain degree. Iambic pentameter shows control and yet the emphasis here is on the instability and the intensity of his love for Olivia. This leads us to believe he is ‘in love with the notion of being in love'. This oration by Orsino also tells us something about his character and mood: he is in love, but this does not bring him happiness, rather a profound melancholy. His speech then turns to images of disease and death and it is excessively evident here that Orsino is misleading himself. ‘Excess†¦surfeiting†¦sicken†¦die†¦dying' Orsino, here, has dramatised his passion and love for Olivia so much that he thinks he will die if she does not love him. It is clear he is deceiving himself and his situation can be interpreted as him being preoccupied with the sensation of love itself, feeding his emotions with music and elaborate poetic imagery. Shakespeare conveys Orsino's ‘love-thoughts' emotions for Olivia as passive, self-regarding and melancholic and Orsino as unrepresentative of his veritable feelings. Shakespeare invites the audience to interpret Orsino's ‘love-thoughts', which ‘pursue' him as artificial ones because of the way Orsino is portrayed. â€Å"Be not amaz'd; right noble is his blood. If this be so, as yet the glass seems true, I shall have share in this most happy wreck.† Orsino here demonstrates a rapid detachment from Olivia and instead switches his attentions to Viola. This extremely quick change of ‘love' from Olivia to Viola confirms his superficiality and self-deceit. The theme of disguise and deception is again present in the next scene where Olivia is in passionate mourning for her brother who ‘shortly died'. However, it is also clear that Olivia herself is in self-deceit. Her way of mourning involves her hiding behind a veil or disguising herself from the truth and refusing male company which is illustrated when she says like a ‘cloistress' she will ‘veiled walk' around with ‘eye-offending brine'. The mourning over her brother's death is very dramatic, but she just lives the idea of mourning as she feels that this would do the death of her brother justice. She attempts to disguise all this under a veil, but to no triumph as her genuine personality shone through. Olivia as part of her mourning vowed that no man would see her face â€Å"till seven years' heat†. But regardless of this, falls in love with Cesario which shows that her resolution is short-lived and the audience is left to question her sincerity. â€Å"Unless, perchance, you come to me again To tell me how he takes it†. Olivia is disguising her flirtatiousness towards Cesario by pretending that she only wants him to come back to bear news of Orsino's reaction to her rejection. To further disguise her feelings, and deceive Malvolio, she tells a blatant lie to him, pretending Cesario left a ‘ring behind him'. â€Å"She returns this ring to you, sir; you might have saved Me my pains, to have taken it away yourself.† Olivia uses deception to further her cause with Cesario and it is made inherent to him that she has fallen in love with his outward, disguised appearance. Also deception features here as, ironically, Olivia's advance is just as deceitful as Viola's mere presence. It is clear to the audience that Olivia is deluding herself that she will be in deep mourning for her brother for ‘seven years'. Her first appearance, which ends with her falling for the disguised Viola, shows the shallowness of her real feelings of anguish. When Olivia, who is taken in by Cesario's ‘youth's perfections', falls in love with Cesario she instantaneously forgets about mourning. Olivia's elaborate, grief-stricken gestures towards her dead brother are examples of dramatised and overly exaggerated displays of emotion. Her grief may well be genuine but her extravagant vow to mourn him for ‘seven years', sprinkling her chamber with tears and wearing a veil are quite simply empty gestures. On closer inspection one can also infer that Olivia is perhaps using her brothers death to conceal her aspirations for Cesario to remain close to her. â€Å"I bade you never speak again of him; But, would you undertake another suit, I had rather hear you than solicit that Than music from the spheres.† It is made explicit to Cesario that she wants to be courted by him, which is comical to the audience as they know about Cesario's masquerade, and this is another example of the way Cesario deceives through disguise. Olivia has just lost her family, but her display of sorrow is very theatrical and self-deluding and seems to be full of barren gestures which say nothing about her true grief but merely disguise her true feelings and serve to self-deceive. Another character that is guilty of self-deception is Olivia's servant Malvolio. A scene, which prepares us for dramatic irony, is when Maria writes the letter to Malvolio, under the pretence that it is from Olivia. As the audience is aware of this deception it sets up the dramatic irony, because Malvolio himself is not aware of it when he finds and reads the letter. Malvolio in his conceited role presents the possibilities of a very bland and critical existence, however when drugged with the mere possibilities of conceit, believing himself superior to others, he becomes the most absurd of all the characters and he reveals to us his disguised feelings. â€Å"Go, hang yourselves all! You are idle shallow things; I am not of your element; you shall know more hereafter.† Malvolio has extreme ambitions and aspirations to advance in social class by marrying Olivia which the audience can clearly interpret as self-delusional. Maria's letter is only able to convince him that Olivia loves him because that is what he wants to believe. When the letter tells him to act proud and haughty, it only gives him permission to show how he already feels, as it appeals to his vanity. This trick would not have worked if the letter had not been disguised as Olivia's, however, it is also important to include that Malvolio's disguised feelings and self-deception convince him of its authenticity. It is his capacity for self-deception and it is really Malvolio's ‘self-love' which makes him easy to trick. Malvolio is also in disguise in the class system. He dresses in black and never laughs. â€Å"My masters, are you mad? Or what are you? Have you no wit, manners or honesty,† This however, is merely a disguise that he assumes, that allows him to criticize others. Under this disguise Malvolio is full of self-importance he is also self-absorbed and extremely vain. He conceals his ‘puritan' personality during this ‘gulling' episode and puts on ‘yellow stockings' and behaves uncharacteristically boldly. When he is on his own he reveals he often daydreams of ruling a thrifty and solemn household while he plays with ‘some rich jewel', and that Olivia will marry him and as a result he will become ‘Count Malvolio' her equal. This shows his embedded self-deception. It is also ironic that Malvolio is more successful at fooling himself than he is at deceiving others. Malvolio is sure that some accident of luck has caused a man as fine as him to be born a servant rather than a master and that fortune will eventually correct that mistake. â€Å"all that look on him love him.† This reveals his arrogant nature and the fact that he is self-deceiving. Self-love is evident in many characters of the play, however, Malvolio's self-love combined with his instinct for social climbing makes it more obtrusive. To conclude, Malvolio is self-deceived before he is deceived. Shakespeare makes this clear by exhibiting Malvolio's vain glory just before he finds the forged letter: ‘To be Count Malvolio!'. The physical disguise in ‘Twelfth Night' brings to light those who have mental illusions as to who they are. Malvolio for example considers himself to be respected and is the first person to call other characters a ‘fool' when in fact the audience think of him as a fool. Deception and disguise also play a major role in the characters of Maria, Sir Toby and Sir Andrew. Sir Toby often persuades Andrew to give him money or buy him drinks in return for allowing him access to Olivia, in order to court/woo her. â€Å"Send for money, knight; if thou hast her not i' th' end, call me Cut.† Andrew does not realise that Sir Toby is fooling him and using him to pay for his entertainment and so deception plays a part here because Sir Toby is deliberately deceiving and deluding Sir Andrew to exploit him. It can also be argued that Sir Andrew is self-deceiving because he actually thinks that the rouge Sir Toby is his genuine friend, however, it is clear to the audience that his friendship with Sir Toby is feigned. However, it is also clear that if Sir Toby did not encourage and prompt him, he would never have aspired. ‘No faith, I'll not stay a jot longer.' This is important because it shows that although Sir Andrew is deceived, and foolish, he is not self-deceived. This also proves that although he is foolish enough to dream of Olivia's hand, he is scarcely hopeful which shows that, unlike Malvolio, he has a greater sense of reality and does not delude himself or disguise that he knows Olivia does not love him. Another form of disguise, Shakespeare's use of masks in the play, also contributes much to the disguise and deception in the play. These masks put characters in a form of ‘darkness of night,' allowing them to become someone else. Shakespeare uses masking imagery throughout the play. The perfect example of this can be seen in Feste the jester. Feste demonstrates masking imagery when he disguises himself as ‘Sir Topas' and is sent to judge Malvolio's state of mind. â€Å"Sir Topas, never was man thus wronged. Good Sir Topas, do not think I am mad: they have laid me Here in hideous darkness.† By adopting this disguise, Feste is able to expose Malvolio's self-conceit and other faults and therefore he successfully reveals Malvolio's hidden feelings by disguising himself. Also Feste, in the guise of the Fool, comes out with wise and intellectual comments contrary to his role. Although characters wear masks, their true identities are always revealed. I interpret this as Shakespeare alluding to the fact that all disguises can be exposed. This statement is reinforced when Feste says: ‘Eyes show the days'. Feste is able to penetrate all the masks of the others, and he succeeds in concealing his own which makes him a master and professional of disguise. Feste is an ‘allowed fool' a professional jester who has to be quick witted and clever to make jokes and puns. He is not expected to be idiotic or simple-minded. Viola, in her disguise as Cesario, is able to talk to her lover in a way that she could not do as a woman; she takes advantage of this situation and schools Orsino on the realities of love. â€Å"She never told her love,†¦.. Feed on her damask cheek.† Here Viola counters Orsino's narcissism with her own sad story of concealed love. Shakespeare accentuates Orsino's exaggerated, excessive idea of love, by showing alongside it the genuine love felt by Viola and therefore Orsino's speech is undermined, as what he said is ironic. So, although Viola is disguising her feelings for Orsino, she does not deceive him and unreservedly hints that she has suppressed feelings for him. Sebastian's relationship with Antonio is one of disguise because Antonio implicitly reveals his ‘love' for Sebastian but deceives him and perhaps self-deceives as being just friendship, as one can conjecture that he is gay. â€Å"If you will not murder me for your love, let me be your servant†. This suggests that Antonio has repressed homosexual feelings for Sebastian that he disguises by pretending to only be his close friend. The play abounds in references to these different forms of disguise, to the gap between what appears to be true and what really is. Viola calls disguise a ‘wickedness/Wherein the pregnant enemy does much' when she realises that Olivia has fallen in love with her persona as Cesario. In the play's moral scheme disguise or self-deception creates frustration and confusion. Antonio, for example, regrets the ‘devotion', which Sebastian's handsome features had inspired in him. Word- play is also a form of disguise and the numerous puns in the play reflect this theme on a linguistic level. The dramatic convention of disguise produces ambiguities of meaning and emotion throughout the play. So, to conclude, I would argue that in ‘Twelfth Night' every character conceals and deceives, however, without doubt Viola's concealment of her physical shape as a woman, and emotions for Orsino is essential to the plot and creates the comedy and confusion.

Just War Theory

War is said to occur when one state declares hostility against another by which it places the people and resources under its authority to enmity against their adversaries as well as their resources (Gardam J, 1993). According to broadminded ed war historian and theorist Jeffrey Rodgers Hummel, there is an implication of the above definition.In placing its people as well s resources to hostilities, each state is in reality declaring war on three phases; first and foremost as to the other state; second as to the people of the other state; and thirdly as to its own dissenting citizens, should they fail to act in accordance with the State’s demand for manpower and resources (Gardam J, 1993).Going by the above definition offered by Jeffrey R. Hummel, just war would comprise that the war should have a just beginning. That is, it must be declared in reaction to violent behavior; the response has to be reasonable and according to the level of aggression, it has to be begun by an appro priate authority in opposition to appropriate enemy; it has to be conducted in proper manner that is justly†¦that is no harming of innocent people knowingly or intentionally (Gardam J, 1993). The war must have a just originThe just war theory asserts that war should originate only if there is violation of rights and only in self-defense. These rights should be individualistic rights as opposed to those that lead to war, for instance breach of a country’s sovereignty on a realistic altitude. Nevertheless, a difficulty arises at once. The fundamentals necessary to judge the justness of the war’s origin for instance, time and relevant information are not often available at the point war is declared.In deciding the idea of German Catholic participating in war during the Nazi period, it was once remarked by a publisher that â€Å"A scientific judgement concerning causes and origins of the war is absolutely impossible today because the pre-requisites for such a judgeme nt are not available to us. This must wait until a later time when the documents of both sides are available† (Allen C, 1966). The war must be a reasonable response As per the theory, it is grimacing for a provoker to be shot whether he acted on purpose or accidentally.While exercising self-defense the level of force utilized has to be proportional to the force used by the aggressor, while the aim of the responsive force should be articulated on the tenets of protection or restitution. Thus, a war with a just origin should have first exhausted all lesser force employment that could have consummated the desired objectives. It becomes crucial to elucidate one idea that the war should be left with the people with, that the state has consigned their rights of defense with.The question is whether States’ declaration of war places all its citizens to take part in hostilities even though a small proportion of them have been aggressed. Secondly, does aggression directed towards those consigned with the right of defense bind all others under declaration of war? If so, the contract appears to be calculated to enhance the level of violence of any differences as opposed to providing protection or restitution. The war has to be declared by a proper authority and against a proper enemy.Under this theory, the proper authority to exercise a right of self-defense against an aggressor is an agent or individual upon whose rights have been violated. Thus, under this heading a state is interpreted to be a proper authority. Here the assumption is that the war is declared against a state that is proper enemy. Just war should have a just ending On the ordinary observation, a just war (precisely since, it is not a campaign) should finish with the reinstatement of the status quo ante. The model case is a war of hostility, which ends justly when the provoker has been conquered, his attack repulsed, the old boundaries reinstated.Conceivably this is not quite enough for a jus t ending: the wounded state might merit compensations from the aggressor state, so that the damage the aggressor's forces meted out (Gardam J, 1993). In considering the atomic bombing of Japan, Was the bombing just? Was it moral? The use of atomic bombs was not meant to be confined to military targets, as these are obviously weapons mass destruction and could not fail to terrorize the civilians. From point of view of justice, discarding the rule that excludes civilians from deliberate attack represented a grave injustice from which the world requires to recover.If the aim was to end the war this could have been achieved without dropping those bombs on civilians (Gardam J, 1993). Appearing in the Nation, an article by Richard Falk titled â€Å"Defining a just war† in issue of Oct 29, he asserted that the war in Afghanistan qualified to be the first just war since World War II (Roberts A, 1993-1994). Although in the issue Falk went on to warn that the justice of the cause could be â€Å"negated by the injustice of improper means and excessive ends†, he did not relinquish his original affirmation.This utterance came from one of the prominent and respected advocates of international peace and justice. How true was his assertion about just war in Afghanistan (Roberts A, 1993-1994)? Interpreting Falk’s position as saying US war could be just, as long as it adhered to the ideologies he articulated, his argument nevertheless was manifestly wrong. First, on the ground that the principles were broken as of the start of the war and secondly, on the dismissal of alternative action that could have solved the impasse through the United Nations.How could this war be justified if the bombings lead to starvation of many millions of Afghanistan’s due inability of aid agencies to deliver their services to the civilians prior to the felling of the first bomb? On the other hand, prior knowledge of humanitarian crisis that could be occasioned by bombing serves to negate it from being construed as just war. First, the war did not meet the criteria of discrimination (not to harm civilians). Secondly, on the proportionality of the force (force should not be greater than the provoking cause), the force employed was greater compared to that of the aggressor (Roberts A, 1993-1994).The war in Afghanistan largely did not meet the criterion of necessity that calls upon force not to be applied if there are other non-violent means available. Before the onset of the bombing, Taliban Ambassador to Pakistan had proposed that they were ready to try Osama bin Laden if America provided evidence connecting him to the attacks in the New York and Washington. Going by the words of this ambassador, it is clear that this war could have been avoided if US offered the evidence they were demanding in order to prosecute the culprit (Mintz A, 1993).In addition, the ambassador had indicated that under Islamic law legal proceedings could begin. Thus, infact tri al could begin pertaining to the raised allegations followed by evidence being provided in court. However, what happened is that Washington refused to offer evidence, declared its demands were not subject to negotiation and started bombardment of Afghanistan (Mintz A, 1993). Whether Taliban’s offer was serious or not, Washington never bothered to follow, conversely going to war faced with such conditions eliminates the criterion of necessity.Vietnam War first assumed the aspect of political dimension with many at last being pressed towards moral arguments. Of course, the war was seen to be completely irresponsible, and one that could not be won. Its costs, even if the Americans were egoistic, were above the normal. The war was fought unjustly since it involved a lot of brutality by the Americans, a factor that was seen by many as the one that led to the defeat. In a war for â€Å"hearts and minds† as opposed to land and resources, justice stands out to be the main aspe cts to victory.Vietnam War served to educate states that there was a need for state to fight justly and to crown it all, justice has become military necessity. Vietnam was the first war that saw the need for emphasizing the jus in belle principle. It enumerated that Wars unpopular at home should not be fought in addition to wars whereby the state is unwilling to commit its resources. As mentioned earlier Vietnam War was based on doubtful justice and the war was fought unjustly, as it irritated the civilian population. By losing the hearts and minds of the civilians led to the loosing of the whole war.Modern warfare requires that there be support from different civilian populations, expanding past the population facing instantaneous risk. Nevertheless, moral regard for civilians at risk is crucial in winning great support of the war. America has in the past-confused just wars as crusades, as if a war can be just only where the forces of good outweigh those of evil. However, as for Ge orge Bush (elder) he appeared to understand that war, is properly a war of armies, a combat between combatants, through which the citizens should be protected.In good faith, there was nothing of a just war in Iraq bombing in 1991. The civilians there were not protected, since there was destruction of electricity networks as well as water purification plants (Mintz A, 1993). Demolition of infrastructure, that is, significant for civilian existence was rampant during the Gulf War. Nevertheless, American approach in Gulf War was due to compromise among what justice would have necessitated. There was no controlled bombing and collectively as opposed to Korea or Vietnam, targeting was far more unlimited and selective.Conclusion Many people acknowledge that we are faced with moral duty to avoid the evils of war. However, this realization poses many difficult questions, when as responsible individuals we witness tormenting injustices for instance, ‘ethnic cleansing’ (Gardam J, 1993). With millions of lives being risked by war, one is bound to consider if war should ever be justified and if so, for what purpose? In answering the above, it is first important to consider principles of just war theory and finally correlate these principles to historical as well as ongoing conflicts.On the just cause, figures like Ronald Reagan are seen to assert that whether in self-defense or defense for others, remain the only classified cause that justifies waging war. There is a need to justify military intervention in secessionist or revolutionary wars. The conduct of war should also be in accordance with the principles of discrimination and proportionality. Civilians should not be directly targeted ad costs of military action should be proportionate to the expected advantages of ruining military targets. ReferenceAllen C. Isbell, (1966). War and Conscience Abilene, Texas: Biblical Research Press, p. 82. Gardam, Judith Gail. (1993) Proportionality and Force in Internati onal Law. American Journal of International Law, Volume 87, Issue 3, 391-413. Mintz, Alex. (1993). The Decision to Attack Iraq: A Noncompensatory Theory of Decision Making. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Volume 37, Issue 4, 595-618. Roberts, Adam. (Winter, 1993-1994). The Laws of War in the 1990-91 Gulf Conflict. International Security, Volume 18, Issue 3 134-181. Just War Theory The theory of just war is a military ethics doctrine tracing its origin from catholic and Roman philosophy. The Catholic Church in the United States of America was very vocal in the 1960s in asserting the theory of just war especially in their pastoral letter that were released in 1963 known as ‘The challenge of peace: God’s promise and our response. ’ Moral theologians, international makers and ethicists on just war theory maintain that for any conflict to qualify as just it should meet religious, philosophical and political justice criteria.When our eyes are cast back in the history of America, it is true that US has been involved in various wars for example the First World War, the Second World War and Afghanistan war. In the light of the just war theory, was United States ethically right to enter into these wars? This is what this research will mainly focus on. It will analyze the reasons that made US to enter into these wars from ethics point of view using th e theory of just war as the parameter. The paper starts with a short introduction then the main points and at the end there is a conclusion which is basically the summary of the key points.At the very end of this paper is a list of the resources that are used in this research, properly formatted in accordance with MLA formatting style. According to the United States Catholic Bishops, for any military action to be applied to a conflict it must meet four conditions for it to be legitimate. First of all they say that for any military action to be taken, the damage caused by the aggressor must be enormous, specific, grave and lasting. Secondly, it should be used as the last option that is, when all other means at disposal proves to be ineffective or impractical.Thirdly, the prospects of success before entering the war must be high. The fourth and the last criterion is that there should be lesser evils and disorders than the much that the aggressor(s) caused (Evans 4) Generally there are two sets of criteria for determining whether war is just or not. The first addresses the right to enter in the war while the second one is about the conduct of the military in the war. The former holds that the reason for joining the war must be just but should not for used for revenging or repossessing things captured in other words the cause must be just.In comparative justice principle, injustices suffered by one party must exceed that of the other. Again, war cannot be waged by anybody thus can only be waged by a legitimate authority. It is also argued that there must be high chances of winning the war for fighting a losing battle is wastage of resources. Also war should be used as the last resort or when all other methods have failed. Finally the gains of entering the war must be equal to the loss and harms incurred or in short, macro-proportionality must apply.After the war begins, the just war theory holds that any military action should only target specific places and indiv iduals especially the enemies and their strongholds and the condition of proportionality must apply or put in another way, the amount of force to be used must be gauged by the amount of harm caused and that only a minimum force must be put to task for the goal is not to destroy and harm civilians but to correct the mistakes that were done by the aggressor(s) (Evans, 5)According to the just war theory the entry of United States in the First World War in 1917 could be said to have been just this was because the decision to join the war was made by a legitimate body and not by a single individual. The then president Woodrow Wilson asked the congress to convene twice to determine the way forward. It was in order for US to declare war on Germany as it kept on violating all the agreements that had been made for example it violated the agreement that it would suspend all unrestricted submarine warfare.Germany had also tried to entice Mexico to join the war against US on condition that Germ any would help it to liberate itself from the United States. The other reason was that Germany attacked all neutral ships that neared what was referred to as zones irrespective of what they carried. This affected US in that its passengers were killed and the trade network was interrupted. (Coffman 25) In accordance with just war theory, if the harm is long lasting and grievous then the war is just. The same was the case in the First World War where the US was losing its people and property due to German’s malicious activities.Again as per this theory the war was just because it was used as the last option. At first the US never wanted to join the war and was following the policy of isolation. It used diplomatic talks and signing of agreements to shun war but this proved to be futile and the only option that was left was war. This war was geared towards stopping what Germany was doing and correcting the mistakes that were done and was not meant as a revenge but when the war da mage assessment is done, the damage caused by this war was more than what the aggressor had caused thus as per this theory’s principle the war could be said to have been unjust.(Coffman 26) The US entry on the world war II could also be said to be just according to the just war theory because it was declared by a legitimate body in 1941 after Japan attacked US spheres of interest in Pearl Harbor. Though the war was declared by a recognized legitimate body according to this theory it could be regarded as unjust because it was more of revenge than order restoration. The US wanted to challenge Japan which had proved to be a bother in the Pacific region.The harm that Japan had caused as per the just war theory was not grievous, lasting or that big enough to have merited the consequences that resulted. Just war theory holds that the harm caused by the war should not exceed the damage done by the aggressor but in the case of Japan, the war caused enormous damage in fact about 100,0 00 people perished when the US dropped atomic bombs in Nagasaki and Hiroshima. This is a clear indicator that US was not only targeting the combatants and their strategic positions but also targeted the civilians and thus in the light of the above the war was unjust.(Coffman 27) As per this theory the war could be said to have been just because the chances of US winning the Second World War were high although this was later proved to have been a miscalculation for it extended longer than expected and that was why the US was forced to resort to atomic bombs. This war could also be said to be unjust if it is judged the theory’s principle that argues that war should not be used as a means of achieving personal gains and in this case US used it as such.It wanted to protect its interests in the Western Europe nations because it had invested a lot in those countries in terms of loans and war materials and thus if they were to be defeated by Germany then this would have meant losing all that it had invested. (Gaido and Walters) The third war that will be analyzed using this theory is the US entry in the Afghanistan war in 2001. According to this theory, this war was justified in all ways. The war was declared by a legitimate institution that is the US government and was in response to terrorist activities of bombing the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.This was the height of terrorism and that was why the US was forced to act. The war was thus meant to control terrorism but not to avenge. When the issues of damages that were caused by these attacks are assessed, they were enormous that the amount of harm that resulted from this war and for this reason the war was just. As per the theory, the war should be used as the last resort and this is what happened in Afghanistan. The US had tried to use all other methods that were at its disposal and they proved to be ineffective. Terrorism continued to be on the increase despite the measures that were taken against it.The US had tried to hold talks with terrorists asking them to stop their terrorism activities. They kept attacking US citizens and other areas of interest and at this time it was pushed beyond limit and had to act. (Gareau 16) As per the just war theory, there is no need to engage yourself in a losing battle but here the US was confident enough that it would win this war and indeed it won thus on the light of the above, the war could be said to have been just. In conclusion, the just war theory is a theory that is used to determine whether the war is just or not.It holds that the war is just if is declared by a legitimately recognized body, if the chances of winning are clear, if it is for correcting the harms done as opposed to revenge and if it is used as the last option when all other methods have failed. Using it to determine whether US was just to enter in the First World War, Second World War and the Afghanistan war, it is right to justify US entry in the first world war an d the Afghanistan war but using the same criteria its entry on the second war could not be justified. Works Cited:Evans, M. Just War Theory: A Reappraisal. Edinburgh University Press, 2005 Coffman E. M. The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in First World War. University Press of Kentucky. 1998. Gaido, D. and Walters, D. Socialist Workers Party/Workers Party Split. The Second World War: What the War is About. 2005 http://marxists. catbull. com/history//etol/document/fi/1938-1949/swp- wpsplit/swpwp01. htm Gareau, F. H. State Terrorism and the United States: From Counterinsurgency to The War on Terrorism. Zed Books, 2004

Babe Ruth 3 Essay Research Paper Babe

Babe Ruth 3 Essay, Research Paper Babe Ruth On February 6, 1895, Kate Schamberger Ruth gave birth to her first kid. George Herman Ruth, Jr. was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He was the first of eight kids born to Kate and George Herman Ruth. Ruth # 8217 ; s father worked as a barman and finally opened his ain tap house. Many believe that George was an orphan all his life, but for the first seven old ages of his life he was with his parents, but he survived without counsel on the dirty, crowded streets of the Baltimore riverfront. On June 13, 1902, George Herman Ruth took his seven year-old to St. Mary # 8217 ; s Industrial School for Boys. Not merely did he topographic point immature George in the school, but he besides signed over detention of the male child to the Xaverian Brothers, a Catholic Order of Jesuit Missionaries who ran St. Mary # 8217 ; s. At St. Mary s he met Brother Mathias, he taught George about life and Base baseball Baseball was a popular signifier of diversion for the male childs at St. Mary # 8217 ; s. Young George Ruth, Jr. , displayed his potency at a really immature age. He played all places on the field, and was an first-class hurler. He besides possessed a brilliant ability to hit the ball. By his late teens Ruth had developed into a major conference baseball chance. On February 27, 1914, at the age of 19, Ruth was signed to his first professional baseball contract by Jack Dunn, director of the Baltimore Orioles, at the clip a minor conference franchise in the International League. Because Ruth # 8217 ; s parents had signed over detention of the child to St. Mary # 8217 ; s he was supposed to stay at the school until the age of 21. To acquire around this, Dunn became Ruth # 8217 ; s legal defender. When George Ruth, Jr. , appeared with Dunn at the ballpark the other participants started checking gags, and one of the participants quipped, # 8220 ; Well, here # 8217 ; s Jack # 8217 ; s newest Babe. # 8221 ; The remainder of the participants besides started mentioning to immature George as # 8220 ; Babe # 8221 ; and the name stuck. Therefore began the celebrated calling of Babe Ruth. In the forenoons, Ruth would travel into Landers # 8217 ; Coffee Shop in Boston, and it is here that he met Helen Woodford, a seventeen-year-old waitress. They married on October 17, 1914 in Ellicott City, Maryland. In December of 1919 Babe was sold to the New York Yankees. Prior to Ruth # 8217 ; s reaching in New York, the squad had neer won a crown. With # 8220 ; The Babe # 8221 ; as portion of their squad they became a dominant force in major conference baseball, winning seven crowns and four World Championships from 1920 to 1933. In 1921, the twosome adopted a babe miss, Dorothy. On January 11, 1929, at the age of 31, Helen died of asphyxiation in a fire. Dorothy, who was eight at the clip, was off at get oning school. Babe met and became earnestly interested in a immature widow, Claire Hodgson. Claire had come to New York from Georgia with her immature girl Julia in 1920 and worked as a theoretical account and actress. On April 17, 1929, the two were married in New York. In October 1930, Babe adopted Claire # 8217 ; s girl Julia, while Claire did the same with Dorothy. He had a passion for runing and fishing, pugilism, and bowling. But possibly one of his biggest athletic passions was golf. He loved the game and played whenever he could. Babe Ruth # 8217 ; s last twelvemonth as a Yankee was 1934. He wanted severely to pull off in the major conferences. In 1935, at the age of 40, he announced that his playing yearss were through and that he wanted to go a director. In late February, the Boston Braves, wanted Ruth to fall in the squad by doing him believe that the undermentioned twelvemonth he may go the squad # 8217 ; s director. Unfortunately for the Babe, that neer came to go through. Ruth played his last major conference game on May 30, 1935, for the Boston Braves and announced his retirement on June 2, 1935. From that twenty-four hours on he kept trusting to acquire a opportunity to pull off in the major conferences, but the chance neer came. In 1946, Babe was diagnosed with pharynx malignant neoplastic disease. Even though physicians performed surgery and he received radiation interventions, the malignant neoplastic disease couldn T be cured. With physicians being unable to make any more for him, Babe was released from the infirmary. Subsequently, April 27 was declared # 8220 ; Babe Ruth Day # 8221 ; in every baseball park in the United States and Japan. Although excessively frail to wear his old uniform at the clip, Babe did do an visual aspect on that twenty-four hours at Yankee Stadium. His concluding visual aspect at Yankee bowl really came subsequently, on June 13, 1948, during the twenty-fifth day of remembrance of # 8220 ; The House that Ruth Built. # 8221 ; During the jubilation the Northerners besides retired his uniform, figure 3, and for that ground Babe put on the uniform for one last clip. At 8:01 p.m. on August 16, 1948, Babe Ruth lost his conflict with malignant neoplastic disease. For two yearss, his organic structure lay in province at the chief entryway to Yankee Stadium. Hundreds of 1000s of people stood in line to pay their last respects. Babe # 8217 ; s funeral was on August 19 at St. Patrick # 8217 ; s Cathedral in New York. He is buried at Gate of Heaven Cemetery in Hawthorne, New York. He now rests along side of his married woman Claire who was buried following to him after her decease in 1976.

Survey for neighborhood housing service (NHS) Essay

Survey for neighborhood housing service (NHS) - Essay Example Surveys were collected randomly from the North Bronx community specifically the 2 Train Stops at Gun Hill Road and White Plains Road, 219th Street and White Plains Road and 225th Street and White Plains Road. The data from the surveys were then entered into the website surveymonkey.com which enabled us to create a web-based survey and provide analysis for the results. Although the majority of the surveys were completed at the Gun hill location, the survey covered the entire North Bronx area according to the zip codes listed. For each observation we compared and contrasted and of course made conclusions and recommendations about their relationship with the help of surveymonkey.com. This method and process described took place after taking surveys at the North Bronx community for neighborhood housing services (NHS). Focus group discussions can often enrich findings obtained from surveys as for example in a study of parents of 2000 high school students (Bers, 2002). However, they are very time consuming and difficult and only necessary in any case if more detailed insight is required of particular findings. Moreover, they also pose a challenge to the rigour of qualitative research (Twinn, 2000). Therefore, it was considered sufficient to conduct a simple qualitative survey to quickly obtain results. Surveys have the advantage of being inexpensive, can be used to generalize about the wider population, can be administered locally as well as remotely, and the standardized questions enable precise data collection amongst other benefits (CSU, 2009). Though weak on validity they are strong in terms of reliability. As for the types of questions, although most were closed-ended to facilitate analysis of standardized responses, a few open-ended questions were also made use of at the end of the questionnaire in order to solicit details of two things i.e. their greatest concern in the community and anything extra they would like to share. So this allowed them the

Human Resource Planning in Hospitality Assignment

Human Resource Planning in Hospitality - Assignment Example It is through the Human resource planning process the extended personnel costs can be reduced by anticipating shortages and surpluses. Human resource planning provide informed base for planning employee development (Human resource planning). Human resource planning covers all the aspects of matters related to the organisation personnel from recruiting and selecting to staffing, training, employee involvement, empowerment and conflict resolution. The first and most important task undertaken by the Human resource department is the recruitment of the employees. It is important to identify the position's requirement before undertaking the task of recruitment. This in turn helps to find the most suitable candidate. Better selection of the employee leads to the performance improvement of the firm. In case of recruitment and selection process the firm and the employee exchange information. The firm provides the candidates with the information regarding the objective of the company and the tasks related to the job. On the other hand the candidate describe his capabilities. The main purpose of the business and the organisation is to project the positive image of the firm, highlight the benefits attached to the job and the future prospects of development in the organisation in shape of promotion and increase in compensation. The process overdone can lead to higher and unrealistic expectations of employees, which can lead to the lower efficiency and output level in case of the lower expectations fulfilment. On the other hand the management should elicit from all the applicants an objective demonstration of their knowledge, skills, abilities aptitudes motivation and past performance. (Koontz and Weihrich, 1993) There are two sources of employees' recruitment, which can be classified, as internal and external. By filling a job position from the internal source i.e. by transferring or promoting an employee has a positive effect on the morale of the employee the candidate has relatively more information regarding the job process. So it is relatively beneficial to undertake internal recruiting prior to external recruiting. In case the present employees cannot fulfil the job specifications than the firm must go to external sources or in other case if the firm needs workforce expansion. The firms are available w ith several outside sources to attract the candidates. First and the most important source are the advertising. The companies give their advertisement in the media read only with the information about the company; the job specification can be included in the ad to permit some self-screening. Second important source is the job postings on the company web site. Since the advent of the information technology most of the firms have their official presence on the Internet in shape of web sites. There is a special section on these web sites, which provide information about the company and the job requirements, and the current job postings needed to be filled by the company. The job application forms can also be filled online and after the application form analysis by the company management short listed candidates are contacted. Third are

Environmental issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental issues - Essay Example Aldo Leopold's 'environmental philosophy' has offered fresh insights into the preservation of the environment. Similarly, Garret Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons" has clearly demonstrated the dangers associated with the anthropocentric view of environment. Environmental issues have also given rise to the emergence of 'radical' environmental rights approaches that emphasized the rights of non-human entities. Even when most of these theoretical underpinnings on environment are quite anthropocentric they also underline man’s responsibility to protect the environment and its natural resources to ensure his own survival and existence. It is worthwhile to analyze the conflict between anthropocentric and bio-centric views on environmental protection. While anthropocentrism emphasizes the well-being of humans alone biocentrism take into account the interdependence and well-being of all living things. It has been identified that the preservation of habitats (of animals, birds, and plan ts) and diverse ecosystems is essential for the maintenance and protection of the ecosystem. The depletion of nonrenewable resources calls for the need to reduce, reuse, and recycle them, find alternatives for them, and to the free market to control conservation. The extinction of various species of animals and plants pose the greatest threat to the balance of the natural environment. However, it is a relief to environmentalists that many world nations have levied legal restrictions on such human activities that would lead to the extinction of various endangered species. The ethicists hold that endangered species have intrinsic value and their extinction would lead to loss of biodiversity that would threaten human survival. From an anthropocentric point of view some other ethicists hold that human beings alone have intrinsic value while biocentrism postulates that one can never undermine the interdependence among all living things leading towards biodiversity. Western religious trad ition and Bible have stressed on the anthropocentric views on environment. Bible’s teaching that human beings were created in the image of God and that God has given him dominion over everything else in the world has led many to conclude that humans are superior to nature and nature exists only to satisfy human needs and wants. However, there are alternative views propagated by people like Francis of Assisi on the value of nonhuman creation and the Noah story in Bible offers the best testimony for biocentrism. Garret Hardin, in his "Tragedy of the Commons" uses the analogy of the herdsmen and the common grass to refer to the environmental crisis. The herdsmen make use of the common grass as a bountiful resource until this lead to lack of grass and Hardin points out that the herdsmen’s use of the commons is analogous to humankind’s use of the planet’s shared resources, such as air, waterways, atmosphere, and climate. Hardin postulates that increased use of resources in the long run would make such resources limited. Hardin thus forecasts that indiscriminate use of resources will be catastrophic for the humans as it will lead to their own destruction. It is therefore imperative that man undertakes steps to avert this imminent tragedy awaiting mankind. The two possible solutions offered by Hardin are: government coercion and privatization of some parts of the commons to allow the free market to regulate their use. No doubt, Hardin’s analogy of the tragedy of commons with that of mankind has evoked favorable responses towards the environmental crisis. The environmental debate has also led to questions regarding the environmental rights of nonhuman entities. Kant’s categorical imperative, being anthropocentric, attributes rights

Solving exams questions for Corporate Risk Management Essay - 1

Solving exams questions for Corporate Risk Management - Essay Example The pure loss exposure of a company in terms of assets is that the company may lose the value of its assets to zero due to some uncontrollable risk events. The assets such as property may be lost in its value because of natural disasters such as earth quakes, tsunami etc. Example includes the companies like Nestle has big manufacturing plants internationally, that are exposed to its asset loss such as property, furniture fixtures, plant destruction etc because of uncontrollable events such as earthquakes (Williams, et al., 1998). The exposure that may arise because of the possibility of financial loss to the business is referred to as Personnel Loss Exposure. The loss to the business because of death, retirement or sickness of the key employee of the company is referred to as personnel loss. The death of Steve jobs gave significant financial loss to Apple Inc. The reason was that the Steve jobs was considered as the one who managed Apple Inc., with his innovative ideas (Williams, et al., 1998). The exposure that may arise because of the claim against the monetary damages is referred to as liability loss exposure. It creates legal responsibility of the company or person, to pay for injury or damages to another party. The insurance company takes the responsibility to pay off the damages against the liability created on the insurer. It refers to as the indirect loss exposure to the assets of the company. The most common example of consequential loss is the firm losses his clients and business because of street closure or strikes. Therefore, the consequential loss exposure is the exposure to the implied losses that may arise due to unexpected circumstances. The firm may abandon the loss exposure if the exposure already exists. This can be explained with the help of example of pharmaceutical company, which may not sell particular product because the chances of loss

Melbourne 2am lockout Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Melbourne 2am lockout - Case Study Example Heavy penalties in form of fines were equally designed and implemented where licensees were highly discouraged from breaching the lockout initiative. The failure of the initiative as experienced resulted from various factors, which led to great opposition such as some exceptions that were applied where among the 457 premises that were initial targets of the policy, 115 of them received exception to the policy. Issues The issues raised in the 2am lockout in Melbourne are numerous and spans around supporting as well as discouraging the policy. According to the political as well as the media view, late night violence within the Australian cities was wholly to blame on alcohol (Wilson, 2013, para 1-2). There was therefore the need to introduce a policy, which addressed the increase in violence and such related anti-social behavior as was blamed on use of alcohol within the late night hours. There were many arguments raised in support of the policy which ideally supported curtailing patro ns and licensees to access their premises within the stipulated time and which prohibited those who were within the respective venues to leave within the stipulated time. ... of people hoping from one venue to another after they are kicked out of the venue for such reasons as misbehaviors increased the rate of crime and violence within the country and hence the support of the policy. The reason on the need to curtail and prevent venue hopping was instructed by the fact that many of the related violence occur within the streets and not within the venues as would be expected. The timing of the proposed lockout was informed by the fact that this time represented the key time where the police involvement in curbing violence was on prime and hence the need to have the street movement of persons reduced for effectiveness. The reduction of street movement would be effective in allowing the police manage people and the occurrence of such crimes within the street as against the management of people within night venues. Moreover, the time between 2am and 7am was ample to allow police clear the streets of such drunkards or any resultant mess as well as allow the dru nkards sober up (Melbournepubs.com, 2008, para 5). On the other hand, there were numerous cases raised against the imposition of such a policy, which included the un-fateful punishing of law-abiding majority of the persons as of the irresponsible actions of just a minority segment of persons within the society. The policy framework brought with it curtailing of freedom of choice to the general population besides reducing civil liberties to be enjoyed. The imposition of the ban changed the city from what was so wonderful about it (which served to attract many people into the 24-hour economy city) and the choice of only one venue for a night would never be satisfying to the majority. Imposition of the same reduced the time for persons serving within the hospitality industry to hang out after

Introduction to Operating Systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Introduction to Operating Systems - Assignment Example Also, we need to keep in mind various other aspects such as cost, values speed, security, and compatibility while choosing an operating system. I have conducted a lot of research and found that the Windows platform is much better than Linux for the development of games. It is an admitted fact that DirectX plays a significant role in the development of games. Additionally, the DirectX supports a wide variety of video games functional PIs, similar to the present advanced versions of game with 3D support. In this scenario, we need Direct3D that offers DirectXs 3D support API for game development and execution. Additionally, the Direct3D is developed by Microsoft and is available free of cost, same as its pervious DirectX APIs. In fact, the main advantage of Microsoft operating system is its support for the DirectX that is mostly used and required by game programmers to develop more interactive games (Loki Software, Inc., 2001). Beside this Microsoft offers support for an integrated authoring tool â€Å"Unity† that is commonly used for the development of 3D video games’ contents. In this scenario, Unity offers an excellent support for game development with much more real-time 3D and architectural visualizations or simply animations support. The main reason for the selection of Microsoft for our gaming development platform is the Unitys development environment support for only Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows. However, we cannot choose Mac OS X for the reason that our team members are not familiar with this operating system. Thus, additional operating system training and support will increase the overall expenditures. Another reason for not selecting Mac OS X is the overall cost increase due to purchase of new hardware systems to run this operating system. Thus, it is really feasible to select Microsoft Windows because it can be used on any

The Success of a Business Entity that Depends on an Interplay of Inter Essay

The Success of a Business Entity that Depends on an Interplay of Internal and External Factors - Essay Example One of these companies is DHL. DHL is an express shipping multinational company operating in 220 countries and territories around the globe. It employed more than 22,000 people and delivers more than 1.2 million packages daily (Scott 2007). It is the objective of this essay to discuss the underlying strategies that make DHL a global leader in their field of endeavor using SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis proffers DHL Company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in both their internal and external environments. The first question that comes to mind when one hears the name of DHL is: where did this company name come from? According to the history of DHL, the name came from the first letters of the last names of the owners or founders of the company: Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom and Robert Lynn (DHL 2008). These founders started the company in September 1969 at San Francisco, USA. It was a milestone when â€Å"the founders began to personally ship papers by airplane from San Francisco to Honolulu, beginning customs clearance of the ship's cargo before the actual arrival of the ship and dramatically reducing waiting time in the harbor† (ibid). Using this concept, delivery of documents was rapidly done through international air express. In a span of fewer than twenty years, DHL expanded its operations to countries such as Hawaii, the Far East, Middle East, Africa and Europe. A major change in ownership occurred in 2002 when DHL was consolidated with Deutsche Post World Net. At present, DHL is already 100% owned by Deutsche Post World Net, but still retained the brand name, DHL. Considering brand association and retention, customers all over the world acknowledge DHL as â€Å"the global market leader in international express, overland transport and air freight. It is also the worlds number 1 in ocean freight and contract logistics. DHL offers a full range of customized solutions - from express document shipping to supply chain management.† (DHL 2008)

Short story examples Essay Example for Free

Short story examples Essay Narrative I swiftly glided through the night valley telling myself not to be afraid; without the noises of cars and trucks passing by, I could hear every pound of my heartbeat and every echo of my step. I felt a shiver through my spines as I increased the pace of my footsteps and noticed an increase of the echo——someone was following me! My stomach tightened and my ears buzzed at the thought when I tried to fasten my pace. I ran as fast as I could to escape from the unknown danger until I had my breath at the top of my lungs and my legs started to tremble. Then I finally fell because of the lack of strength. With despair, I looked back and I saw a faceless man dressed neatly in a suit walking towards me. My eyes widened and I could feel that this was the last moment of my life. Descriptive The faceless man stands in front of the window. His fine made Italian leather jacket that is worn out reveals his once-glory aristocratic position; his collar, sloppily lying beneath his jacket, clearly lacks care. The austere oak door behind him has gathered a great amount of ash and dust and its metallic handles are colorless from long periods of oxidation. The man lets out a silent whimper and leans to swipe the window. He lays his hand with veins like branches of ancient oak tree on the cedar frame and stares out through the window the to the vast landscapes somberly. Expository intro Identity’s literal definition is â€Å"the state of having unique identifying characteristics held by no other person or thing.† However, society suppresses people so much that they are losing their sense of identity. An important element of identity is the unique traits of oneself that distinguish him/her from other people. But nowadays, people who act or dress differently are usually treated as blasphemies. They are given scornful looks and ostracized. Thus, it is believed that indifferent trend which people are blindly following caused the lost of identification in society. Persuasive The workplace burden the world had exerted on working class is damaging their health. First, the pressure obtained from work may lead to mental stress. This stress mainly comes from their boss or clients. Deadlines in workplace sometimes also apply stress to workers. Second, the lack of sleep from getting up early to go to work may cause high blood pressure and heart problems. Many people stay up too ate to finish up their cases and wake up too early to get to their works. In this way, they lack of sleep. Thirdly, the long time sitting from the work invoke spine problems. For people who work in offices, workers sit for a long time, and spines are damaged because of that. Thus, people may gain body functioning problems due to work.

Translation in Advertising Essay Example for Free

Translation in Advertising Essay Modern mass media have triggered the distribution of the international advertizing activity. Nowadays, the translation of advertising has become not only necessary but also the daily phenomenon of life of the world community. Thus, the knowledge of theoretical bases of the process is not only an indispensable condition, but also the quality assurance of the translation. Like other production of the mass media – newspapers, magazines, TV programs, broadcasts, advertising is materialized in the form of the ready media text. And the concept â€Å"text† with the reference to the sphere of the mass information is used not only for a designation of an actual text verbal number, but also gets lines of dimensions and multidimensionality including such important for media production components as a visual number in its graphic or television embodiment, and also an audio number in the form of a product. Therefore, the concept â€Å"the advertising text† concerns not only a verbal number, but also includes a set of all linguistic significant components, somehow: schedules, images, sound, etc.  where the concrete set depends on a mass-media-carrier. Such interpretation of a concept ‘the advertising text’ finds the reflection in works of many English-speaking researchers, in particular, in Angela Goddars The Language Book of Advertising which writes: â€Å"The word ‘text’ here (as applied to advertising) is used in its widest sense, including visual artifacts as well as verbal language†. While translating advertising texts it is necessary to consider the purpose of the advertising message, the character of the consumer, the language qualities of the text of the original, the cultural and individual possibilities of the language in the cultural aspect of the consumer and many other things. Translation of texts in advertising can be defined as close to â€Å"adequate†. Such type of translation is caused by its practical necessity. The given approach demands good knowledge of the translator of the subject discussed in the original, the translator should understand what the author of the advertising text, i.e. communicative intention of the advertising text, wanted to say. Translation of the advertising text at change of the verbal form should be, at the same time, precisely transferred in meaning. While translating English-speaking advertising texts, in some cases Russian translators dont translate the text and give its â€Å"semantic equivalent†. For example: â€Å"What legs! Much more than legs! OMSA knows how to be admired! † (From Paris to the Find Omsa the best stockings! ); â€Å"Betcha can’t eat just one† (Zahrustish – you will not resist! ). The choice of this or that way or translating depends on a lot factors. It can be both the character of the text being translated, and the audience of the consumer of advertising production, psychological features of the translator, and his /her adherence of a certain literary tradition. For many experts in advertising activity the foreign language text serves only as a means for understanding the idea of an advertised product, the text is often written from scratch in the language of the country of the consumer, taking into account its national specificity. When the exact translation of the text represented is for any reasons undesirable, the translator uses the phrases that are approximate in meaning; the phrases should necessarily consider traditional ethnic, national and social features, stereotypes of behavior of a concrete audience at whom the product in the advertising text is directed. If the audience on whom the text of an advertised product is focused is various, translators use exclusively common lexicon that is clear to each native speaker and has wide application in a daily dialogue. If the target audience is homogeneous, translators dont use in the advertizing text the words that have certain restrictions in the use. They carefully select the words included in the advertising text with the reference to their stylistic conformity, to the chosen theme, the product and the audience. In the case when the advertising campaign is focused on the narrow homogeneous audience having its own social or professional metalanguage, the use of slangy words and words of professionalism is not forbidden to the translator, but, moreover, it is welcomed. The reference to literary, cultural and historical traditions is â€Å"the powerful weapon† for the founders of advertising. At the same time similar phenomena represent certain difficulties at interpretation and perception of the text. The use of citations, hints, deformed idioms, and also the words of another language assumes the presence of the general background knowledge of the founder of the text and its addressee. A similar phenomena gets special importance in advertising of the goods displayed in  the international market as in this case there is required some adaptation of advertising messages to the audience they are addressed; with the reference to peculiarities of the language picture of the world. Advertising texts should be characterized by clarity, brightness, laconicism, extravagance, highly professional execution, as its main objective – to draw attention, to raise interest and to stimulate sale. To achieve this purpose the composers of the advertizing text appeal to the use of various linguistic and psychological devices. Therefore, in advertising messages on the â€Å"the limited space† it is possible to observe the highest concentration of various stylistic devices. â€Å"Having the purpose of intensive concentrated influence, advertising uses a rich spectrum of expressive means at all language levels†. [1] Allegory, a metaphor, comparison, parallelism, various kinds of repetitions, alliteration, an onomatopoeia, concentration of imperative forms of a verb and connotive adjectives – all these are widely represented in advertising texts. So, for example, D. Dajer characterizes features of language of advertizing as follows: â€Å"Advertising language is of course loaded language. Its primary aim is to attract our attention and dispose us favorably towards the product or service on offer. Advertisers use language quite distinctively: there are certainly advantages in making bizarre and controversial statements in unusual ways as well as communicating with people using simple, straightforward language †¦ Catching our attention and imagination and aiding memory are perhaps the primary functions of advertising languages: usual or stylish words and short, crisp sentences are easy to repeat and remember. And our memories are also served by brand names, slogans and catch-phrases, rhythm and rhyme, alliteration, snatches of song and verse and of course endless repetition†. [3, p. 140] As one of the major components of the advertising text is the description of advertised goods or services, attributive combinations that include adverbs and adjectives bear the big functional loading. Some researchers even name the adverbs and adjectives the keywords of the advertising text and pay to them special attention. â€Å"If you listen to any commercial or glance at advertisements in magazines, you will be subjected to a liberal sprinkling of adverbs and adjectives. There are key parts of speech for advertisers. They are the trigger words because they can stimulate envy, dreams and desires by evoking looks, touch, taste, smell without actually misrepresenting a product†. Adjectives and adverbs help to create that unique tonality of an advertising appeal which allows to transfer qualities and advantages of an advertised subject. While translating into other language this circumstance should be necessarily considered: â€Å"Radiant, sensual, sophisticated, Jadore is a fragrance that celebrates the renaissance of extreme femininity and the power of spontaneous emotion with a brilliant bouquet of orchids, the velvet touch of Damascus plum and the mellowness of Amarante wood† (Shining, sensual, difficult, Jadore – aroma which celebrates the Renaissance of extreme feminity and the power of direct emotion with a brilliant bouquet of orchids, velvet contact of Damask plum, and ripeness of wood of an amaranth). [3, p. 149] In translation process of advertising texts adjectives and adverbs are used for the description of the most various properties of an advertised product – forms, the size, the quality, the cost, sensations which the given product causes. The adjectives that are most used in English-speaking advertising concern: natural, sensual, innocent, passionate, romantic, mysterious, good, better, best, free, fresh, delicious, full sure, clean, wonderful, special, fine, big, great, real, easy, bright, extra, rich, gold. Often there are the adjectives specifying the authenticity of a trade mark genuine, authentic and original. But, perhaps, the champion of frequency in English-speaking advertising there is an adjective ‘new’ he can be met practically in every second advertising text. On syntactical level it is possible to name such most significant signs of the advertising text as the frequent use of imperative forms of a verb that considerably strengthens dynamism of an advertising appeal (see, buy, fly). â€Å"They fell in love with her when she started wearing that Sexplosion perfume. That perfume really attracts boys! Buy some! † Very often in advertising texts there is a metaphor, while translating it the translator needs to show a great creative potential: â€Å"Plop plop, fizz fizz, oh what a relief it is! † (Advertizing Alka-Seltzer: â€Å"Fun without a hang-over! †); â€Å"The quicker picker-upper† (advertizing of chocolate Bounty: â€Å"Bounty. Paradise pleasure†). Or on the contrary, while translating a usual advertising slogan into Russian the translator uses a metaphor: â€Å"Mr.Clean will clean your whole house and everything thats in it† (â€Å"Mr. Proper all has washed also apartment has freshened†; â€Å"With Mr. Proper is more cheerful, houses purely twice faster! †); â€Å"If it’s gotta be clean, it’s gotta be Tide† (â€Å"Cleanliness – Tajd is pure! †). References: 1. ДÐ ¾Ã ±Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã ºÃ »Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã' , Ð ¢. Г. Ð’Ð ¾Ã ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‹ Ð ¸Ã ·Ã'Æ'Ã'‡Ð µÃ ½Ã ¸Ã'  Ð ¼Ã µÃ ´Ã ¸Ã ° Ã'‚Ð µÃ ºÃ' Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ². – ÐÅ". : ÐÅ"Ð ÃÅ¡Ã ¡ ПÃ'€Ð µÃ' Ã' . 2000. 2. Ð §Ã °Ã ³Ã °Ã ½, Ð . Г. Ð  Ã µÃ ºÃ »Ã °Ã ¼Ã ° Ð ² Ã' Ã ¾Ã'†Ð ¸Ã ¾Ã ºÃ'Æ'Ð »Ã'Å'Ã'‚Ã'Æ'Ã'€Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¼ Ð ¿Ã'€Ð ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ½Ã' Ã'‚Ð ²Ã µ: Ã'‚Ã'€Ð °Ã ´Ã ¸Ã'†Ð ¸Ã'  Ð ¸ Ã' Ã ¾Ã ²Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã ¾Ã' Ã'‚Ã'Å' // ÐÅ"Ð °Ã'€Ð ºÃ µÃ'‚Ð ¸Ã ½Ã ³ Ð ² Ð  Ã ¾Ã' Ã' Ã ¸Ã ¸ Ð ¸ Ð ·Ã ° Ã'â‚ ¬Ã'Æ'Ð ±Ã µÃ ¶Ã ¾Ã ¼. 2000. â„â€" 2. 3. Dyer, G. Advertising as Communication. – London. 1995.

The IMF, World Bank and the Washington Consensus

The IMF, World Bank and the Washington Consensus The Washington Consensus was created in 1989 by John Williamson; it was used to describe the 10 policy prescriptions. The Washington Consensus was made to be the baseline of directions for countries, who are in need of assistance from international economic entities, for example the international Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Washington Consensus has been referenced many times; this has made it a general term of disparagement to those who go against the free market fundamentalism. (Williamson 1989) The ten points of the Washington Consensus were rather vague because they were to represent a baseline. The points included were, liberalizing foreign investment opportunities, keeping competitive exchange rates within the nation, privatizing enterprises run by the state, letting interest rates be handled by the market and remaining positive and moderate, strong legal guarantees for property rights, spending away from subsidies and to direct investments in infrastructure, education and health care, deregulation and reduce competition, except for consumer safety, environmental health and financial institutional stability. The last point raised is reforming the tax system to a broader tax base. (Williamson 1989) The Washington Consensus has resulted in limited success when it has been applied in nations which are suffering economic crisis. It has come under some criticism for a number of destabilisations for example the Argentinean crisis. John Williamson himself noted that the results have been disappointing upon implementation and how it could be improved and noted some of the flaws. John Williamson pointed out that the reason for failed results were that the Washington Consensus did not place any special measures on mechanisms for avoiding economic crisis. (Williamson 1989) People who opposed the ideas of the Washington Consensus believe that it represents exploitation of developing countries by developed countries. Some nations in Latin America have implemented policies which go directly against the Washington Consensus which resulted in good results in some occasions. Some socialist leaders like Evo Morales, Hugo Chavez and Nestor Kirchner have all spoken out against the Washington Consensus and implemented policies which have taken their nations to very different directions. (Reed 2007) Though other Latin American counties with governments of the left wing have in practice adopted the bulk of the policies included in Williamsons list but they often criticize the principles of market fundamentalism that they are often associated with. These policies have been promoted by the International Monetary Fund but have come under some criticism by US economists like Rodrik and Joseph Stiglitz. They have both challenged the fundamental policies of the IMF (International Monetary Fund) and the US treasury, Stiglitz called this a one size fits all action for individual economies. Joseph Stiglitz stated that the treatment that was suggested by the IMF is far too basic; he said the policies did not prioritise or look for side effects. (Reed 2007) The policies for the Washington Consensus were originally created as a response to the crisis that was happening in Latin America. In 2010, several nations from the area are now being led by socialists or other left wing governments. Some of the countries are campaigning for and have adopted some policies which are opposite to the Washington Consensus policies. Even though some nations in Latin America have left wing governments such as Chile, Peru and Brazil, they have still adopted most of the policies that are in the Washington Consensus, even though they go against the principle of market fundamentalism that on such occasions are associated with. (Reed 2007) There has been a lot of criticism about the Washington Consensus. Most of the criticism has been focused on the elimination of subsidies and on trade liberalisation. The criticism has been rather harsh towards the agriculture sector. Countries which have a substantial amount of natural resources, they have criticised the privatisation of industries exploiting these resources. Neo-Keynesian and post-Keynesian have both been very critical of the consensus and they have argued that the core policies were wrongly been laid out and are too inflexible to be successful. An example of this would be flexible labour laws were supposedly meant to create new job opportunities; economic evidence from Latin America has been largely inconclusive. Some critics have criticised that the policies do not take into account of the cultural and economic differences between the nations. They believe that these policies should be only implemented at times of economic growth and should not be implemented during economic crisis. (Naim 1999) Foreign Policy chief editor, Moises Naim, argued that there was no such consensus in the first place. Moises Naim had argued that there was and still is important differences between economists over what is the best and correct economic policy. This is the reason the idea of there being a consensus was also flawed. (Naim 1999) SOURCE: WORLD BANK and ECLAC As you can see from the chart above, it shows that Brazil and Latin America who have implemented the Washington Consensus from 1990-2004 have showed that the Economic Growth has dropped by more than half. East Asia economic growth has gone up and they have not implemented the Washington Consensus. This has shown that the Washington Consensus has had a considerable impact on the growth. East Asia did not follow the Washington Consensus policies in some important respects. They adopted strong industrial and government policies, as well as creating successful government enterprises. They were also slow to liberalise capital markets and trade. Such difference accounted for the performances between East Asia and Latin America, because of this there was faster and increased growth in East Asia. They also benefited from growth that was widely shared and became more stable except for the 1997 crisis where all the countries recovered quickly expect for Indonesia. (Franko 2007) SOURCE: ECLAC SOURCE: ECLAC The adoption of the Washington Consensus has had an immense impact on GDP per Capita. The GDP per Capita at the end of 2003 is -0.3 % and in the 1960s it was 2.6% The Washington Consensus policies had only produced very limited growth, but when growth occurred it was not equitably share. The Washington Consensus was at best indifferent, and at worst hostile, to specific ideas and policies that would have promoted equality. Unemployment rates have steadily been rising and the Washington Consensus has no impact on reducing unemployement rates. Critics of trade liberalisation such as Tariq Ali and Susan George, see that the Washington Consensus is a way to open up labour markets of underdeveloped economies so companies from developed nations can exploit this. Washington Consensus allows free movement of items across the borders, however labour is not allowed to move freely there are requirements like a work permit or a visa. This then creates a scenario which goods are manufactured by cheap labour in developing nations and then these good are exported to developed nations for a big mark-up. The criticism of this is that the underdeveloped economies workers remain poor, any pay rises that the workers may receive over the money they made before the trade liberalisation are then offset by inflation. Developed nations workers become unemployed because of work being moved offshore and the owners of the businesses become richer. (Reed 2007) Joseph Stiglitz believed that the Washington Consensus had proved that it was neither sufficient nor necessary to be successful for development. He believed that even if each of its policies made sense for specific nations at specific times it was still unsuccessful. Joseph Stiglitz said that any future consensus cannot be made just in Washington and that any new framework should provide tailored adaptation to particular circumstances that the nations are involved in. (Change, 2001) There has been a lot of criticism of the Washington Consensus policies; there has been evidence of their impact on health, which has led to the development of the post-Washington Consensus. The ideas and policies of the post-Washington Consensus aimed to: Create vertical and horizontal policy coherence Include the creation of enforceable codes and standards, and concessions to social welfare through targeted social safety nets Manage liberalized trade, finance and monetary systems Include firms and businesses in a Global Compact for Development and the PRSP process. Many supporters of the post-Washington Consensus believe it differs from the original ideas and fundamentals of the Washington Consensus. The main goal for the Washington Consensus was to make economic growth in development. The new post-Washington Consensus differed from this and moved away from the neo-liberal, market-friendly approach and places sustainable, egalitarian and democratic development at the heart of the agenda. The post-Washington Consensus is more focused on poverty, which supports and protects the poor and aims towards social spending on health and education. Some still argue that the original ideas of the Washington Consensus neo-liberal agenda still underpins the new ideas and policies of the post-Washington Consensus, referring to the social safety net aspects of the new policies are there to be an add-on to cope with market failures. (World Health Organisation 2010) Joseph Stiglitz believed that new framework was needed to guide us to stable, democratic, sustainable and equitable development. He also believed the framework should reform global economic architecture to promote efficiency, developing countries to focus on their goals and objectives, stability and equity among nations. The post-Washington Consensus looks at the importance of employment, and balanced roles of the government and markets. This would be completed by promoting and regulating markets, providing physical and institutional infrastructure and also by endorsing innovation, technology and education. (Change 2001) The Post-Washington Consensus recognises the importance of the a nation in open markets as well as more liberal policy environment. This approach sees the importance of avoiding state failure which needs institutional innovation and democratic governance. The Post-Washington Consensus sees the need to tackle inequality as well as poverty as their main objectives looking away from efficiency and growth objectives. An example would be that markets, themselves do not produce efficient outcomes when there is a changing of technology or the learning about markets. These processes are important in development and East Asian countries recognised this but the Washington consensus did not. In respect to all these points the Post-Washington Consensus is a more progressive approach to development compare to the Washington Consensus. (Onis and Senses, 2005) There has been criticism of the Post-Washington Consensus that it adopts a technocratic and narrow approach to markets in both a global and at national level. The Post-Washington Consensus sees existing power structures as pre-determined. This is the reason why it fails to tackle the asymmetries of power and the fundamental power relations that are between the classes at level of nation state, and also the powerful versus less strong nations in the economy. These issues would need to be tackled in order to get over development issues. (Onis and Senses, 2005) The IMF and the World bank have not welcomed the Post-Washington Consensus policies. The IMF went through a crisis with their identity straight after the Asian crisis and they have been trying to reform themselves. However the IMF has a restrictive understanding and viewpoint of what should be the foundations for the Post-Washington Consensus. This has had vital consequences because the IMF is an important player for crisis nations and emerging nations. (Onis and Senses, 2005) The criticisms that was given to the Washington Consensus by the newly designed Post-Washington Consensus has fallen short in terms of dealing with the main issues but the Post-Washington Consensus still has cracked the neoliberal approach, which may lead to new and fresh viable alternative. The jury is still out for the Post-Washington Consensus as a definitive viable alternative but together with flourishing other globalisation movements and alongside the background of growing distributional imbalances at every level, this would bring such a change to be an alternative option.

Teenage Girls, the Media and Self-Image Essay -- Television Females Se

Teenage Girls, the Media and Self-Image The beauty of the world has two edges, one of laughter, one of anguish, cutting the heart asunder. -Virginia Woolf Youth is beauty, money is beauty, hell, beauty is beauty sometimes. It's the luck of the draw, it's the natural law; it's a joke, it's a crime. -Ani Difranco The teen magazines began appearing in the fifth grade. They seemed to show up overnight, out of nowhere. At lunch or between classes, groups of girls would cluster around the desk of the mature eleven-year-old who brought in the latest issue of Seventeen. Page by page, they explored the intricacies of how to unlock the secrets of boys, makeup tips to accentuate a girl's natural beauty, and quizzes to help one find her celebrity dream date. In the span of a few weeks, every girl had a subscription to her very own teen magazine; teachers were forced to establish rules limiting the times and places that such magazines could be read. When the magazines first showed up on the scene, I was as curious as any other girl-what did these barometers of pop culture decree concerning this month's new trends? For just twenty dollars a year, we could be told how to dress and act. It was as if we were suddenly given an invitation to join the mysterious world of our older peers, full of the excitement and glamour of teenage experiences. Originally, the content of these magazines had no direct bearing on our lives; I spent my free time playing dolls or G.I. Joe with my little brother. The boys still believed we were infected with a rare strain of cooties; they had a way to go before maturing into the young men the magazines displayed, the objects of affection who would one day take us to the movies in convertibles or st... ...: NYU P, 1996. Early, Gerald. "Life with Daughters: Watching the Miss America Pageant." Encounters: Essays for Exploration and Inquiry. Ed. Pat C. Hoy II and Robert DiYanni. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000. 224-38. Geller, Jaclyn. "The Celebrity Bride as Cultural Icon."Encounters: Essays for Exploration and Inquiry. Ed. Pat C. Hoy II and Robert DiYanni. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2000. 277-281. Griffiths, Vivienne. Adolescent Girls and Their Friends: A Feminist Ethnography. Aldershot: Avebury, 1995. LeCroy, Craig Winston and Janice Daley. Empowering Adolescent Girls: Examining the Present and Building Skills for the Future with the Go Grrrls Program. New York: Norton, 2001. Mann, Judy. The Difference: Growing Up Female in America. New York: Warner, 1994. Miss America Organization, The. The Miss America Organization. 27 Oct. 2001. <http://www.missamerica.org>.

Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid :: essays research papers

Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid Many people in today’s world complain about how much Pro Athletes get pay. So I ask are Pro athletes overpaid? Look at it in this sense; they are living their dreams just like most business men do everyday. If you think that professional sports is not a job then just try to walk in the shoes of a athlete for a day. Sports, like medicine, healthcare, or software, are a business. In that business, owners pay their players what they deem they are worth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of all of the professional leagues the three that make the most money are: MLB, NFL, and NBA. Together these three leagues make an astonishing $25.5 billion dollars every year. Some of wealthiest franchises from each league are; MLB: Yankees, NFL: Washington Redskins, and NBA: Lakers. Major League Baseball makes about $3.3 billion a year. The leading franchise in baseball is the Yankees which make $832 million every year. In the National Football League the Washington Redskins make the most out of any NFL team with $952 million made every year. In the National Basketball Association the Lakers make the most with $510 million. So if each league and franch 2. Highest paid athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. list of athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. how much they make 3. How they get paid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. Salaries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. endorsement deals and memorabilia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As long as fans willingly pay $120 dollars for a replica jersey, six dollars a beer, and two thousand for courtside tickets to the Los Angeles Lakers, the owners will continue to pass on that money to their stars. People act like they're getting stiffed. Let me ask you, When was the last time, someone stuck a gun to your head and said 'Watch this football game or else'? Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid :: essays research papers Pro Athletes are NOT Overpaid Many people in today’s world complain about how much Pro Athletes get pay. So I ask are Pro athletes overpaid? Look at it in this sense; they are living their dreams just like most business men do everyday. If you think that professional sports is not a job then just try to walk in the shoes of a athlete for a day. Sports, like medicine, healthcare, or software, are a business. In that business, owners pay their players what they deem they are worth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of all of the professional leagues the three that make the most money are: MLB, NFL, and NBA. Together these three leagues make an astonishing $25.5 billion dollars every year. Some of wealthiest franchises from each league are; MLB: Yankees, NFL: Washington Redskins, and NBA: Lakers. Major League Baseball makes about $3.3 billion a year. The leading franchise in baseball is the Yankees which make $832 million every year. In the National Football League the Washington Redskins make the most out of any NFL team with $952 million made every year. In the National Basketball Association the Lakers make the most with $510 million. So if each league and franch 2. Highest paid athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. list of athletes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. how much they make 3. How they get paid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. Salaries   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  b. endorsement deals and memorabilia   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As long as fans willingly pay $120 dollars for a replica jersey, six dollars a beer, and two thousand for courtside tickets to the Los Angeles Lakers, the owners will continue to pass on that money to their stars. People act like they're getting stiffed. Let me ask you, When was the last time, someone stuck a gun to your head and said 'Watch this football game or else'?

And God said, ?Let there be light? :: essays research papers

All I can see is white. Clean, pristine, sterile white. I hear beeping. It almost drives me insane. I stare at the ceiling. Mottled white tiles interrupted by the glow of fluorescent lights. I listen to their voices, but they are muffled. Like there is a curtain between us. I only hear snatches of the conversation. â€Å"What happened to him? What is wrong with my husband? â€Å"I am sorry, Ma’am We are still running tests. We don’t know what is wrong. He was like this when the chopper air lifted him in† â€Å"But he was with his brother. Bush walking. Where is his brother? Is he here too, Doctor?† â€Å"No. They found him alone in the national park. Crawling on all fours. He was muttering incoherently. It is lucky they found him.† The voices fade again into the recesses of my mind. â€Å"Come on mate. Hurry up! Get a move on!† Joe calls back down the mountain. I call for my brother to wait for me, but as usual, he charges ahead. I struggle up the rock face, searching for footholds. I scrape my knee. It stings. I reach up and grasp a fern dangling down, inviting me to grab hold. I heave myself up and finally reach the top. Joe is there sitting on a fallen log, just waiting for me to catch up. Damn Asthma. It always makes me slower. â€Å"Glad you could join me,† he laughs, teasingly. I take a seat next to him and stare out across the valley, trying to catch my breath. The brochures were right. This truly is one of the most amazing views I have ever seen. It is perfect. Dense, green huddles of trees, broken only by the occasional sparkling river or camping clearing. The sounds are magnificent as well. Birds twittering tunefully, not squawking like they seemed to in the city. Absolute peace and tranquillity. The doctor shines his tiny torch in my eyes. A nurse comes over and adjusts my head. I try to say something but my tongue is stuck. She smiles at me as if I’m a child and pats me on the head. Then she says something in that sing-song voice that people tend to use around little babies. I lash out. Kicking, punching, screaming, crying, all at the same time. I fight with the sheets. Let me out! I try to get up but I feel claws pushing me back down.

Employer-Employee Relations Quiz

Employer-Employee Relations Quiz Name MGT 434/ Employment Law Date Instructor Employer-Employee Relations Quiz The Company of Little Lamb hired Mary as a programmer for a special project. There was a contract for that specific project, and near completion. However, the company was still in need of her services. So, they asked Mary to continue working with the company until the project was finished. There was no mention of any contract made; however, the supervisor of the company began to work directly with Mary.They wanted her to use company materials, equipment and at the same time remain on company work schedules. The company after two years went through financial difficulties and they asked Mary to leave. But a mere thirty days later the Little Lamb Company acquired a major contract. They hired Mary’s relative and never offer her the opportunity to return. Investigation: Is Mary an independent contractor or an employee? Describe the factors that led to her determination. Th ere is a need to know the release of Mary from her employment.The employment-at-will was under action for legal set of guidelines. There are two related questions that needed to be answered first and these are: 1) her status while working at the Company, if she was an independent contractor or an employee; and 2) the nature of the employer-employee relationship, if it underwent change over the course of time. Based on the information given, May was a skilled programmer who worked outside the context of regular office hours and direct supervision from the company manger or supervisor.There was a contract that was made for a specific project. It was pointed out that the project was near completion and therefore there was a time element to the work that it was not expected to go on and on forever. This means that Mary knew that after the project was completed, her services was no longer needed and the company had no obligation to retain her services or to make her an employee of Little Lamb Company. Has the employer-employee relationship changed over the course of time? Is so, how?Even so, when the project was completed for Little Lamb Company, Mary was still asked to continue working as a programmer and her services. There were changes in the employer-employee relationship. Her supervisor began to work closely with her in the new project. Mary was asked to continue using materials, equipment, and to follow the work schedules provided from the company. This simply means that Mary was considered as a valuable asset to the company and she was not working outside the company but within the company’s location.This made the job more gratifying along with having sources at her finger tips. Mary worked there for an additional two years. This suggests that she was working there even after she completed the second project. She is considered as an employee of the company. This brings the discussion to the last question: was Is Mary’s release legal under the d octrine of employment-at-will? Explain why or why not? If not, which of the following exceptions to employment-at-will have been violated? Explain why.Based on the doctrine of at-will-employment Mary’s release from employment was legal. According to experts; â€Å"An at-will-employment arrangement is an arrangement in which the employee serves at the unilateral pleasure of the employer† (Reda, Reifler, & Thatcher, 2008). This simply means that the employer can terminate the services of Mary without giving any explanation and there is no legal problem for doing so. This is because there were no written employment agreements, plans, letters, or similar writing that Mary could have used to show that there was a breach of agreement.There was a contract made but it can only be understood as contracts that were made for the first and second project. Following the completion of these two projects Mary was given another work load but there was no contract concerning her salary and other benefits that she could expect from the company. In this case the employment can only be understood as at-will-employment and the employer has the right to terminate her services without just cause.In many cases the need to reorganize and to reduce the number of employees are valid reasons for the company to release somebody from employment and the courts will judge in their favor. Exceptions to At-Will Employment The doctrine of at-will-employment clearly favors the employer. The employer need not prove just cause before terminating the services of Mary. There are instances where the Company Little Lamb may be found to be in breach of the following: 1) breach of public policy; 2) breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; and 3) breach of implied contract University of Phoenix Syllabus (2011).Even though at-will-employment gives the employer the ability to terminate employment at will, Mary can complain against unlawful termination if Mary was dismissed b ecause she was asked to commit a crime, released from employment because she was a whistleblower against the illegal activities of the employer, dismissed because she served on a jury against the employer’s wishes or dismissed because she exercised her legal right – this is considered a breach in public policy.Based on the information given Mary was not released because she was a whistleblower or testified against the company. Her employment was terminated because the company went through a financial difficulty. There could be an implied breach of contract with good faith along with fair dealing taking into consideration because Mary worked so hard for the company. This was evidenced by the fact that she was asked to do another special project when the first one was near completion.This is also made clear when Mary was asked to continue working for Little Lamb Company for two more years. This principle is based on the idea that there exists a special relationship of tr ust and reliance between the employer and employee and this can be measured by length of service (Vettori, 2007). In the case of Mary two years of work under at-will-employment is not enough to show that there was a special relationship of trust and reliance.At first glance it may seem that the Little Lamb Company is in breach of implied contract because of the way it treated Mary, starting from changing her status from a contract to an at-will employee with letting her stay and work for two more years can be interpreted as the company being satisfied by the way she perform as a programmer. This does not immediately mean that there was a contract implied or otherwise. In Guz v. Bechtel National, Inc. he California Supreme Court decided that: â€Å"even if the employee has worked for a company for a long time, and during that tenure received pay raises, commendations, promotions, and other recognitions of continuing good performance† this does not by itself create an implied c ontract protecting the employee from being released without just cause (Orrick, 2010). In Conclusion, Mary worked at Little Lamb Company for more than two years, first as an independent contractor and then as an employee.It was clear that there was a change in the employer-employee relationship because she was asked to do things that only apply to employees. As a result, when she was released from employment there could be grounds to contest the dismissal based on the breach of implied contract, breach of public policy with covenant of good faith and fair dealing consideration which brought attention in any deciding factors. However, there was no contract or any form of written agreement stating that Mary can only be terminated by first establishing just cause.This is because she is under at-will-employment and in this scenario the employer can terminate her services without just cause. It is very clear that the doctrine of at-will-employment protects the interest of the employer an d if Mary wanted to have job security the only way to do so would be to secure an agreement or a contract from Little Lamb Company that she can only be terminated with just cause. References Law Library-American Law and Legal Information. (2010).Employment at Will-Breach of an Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing. Accessed 01 August 2010 from http://law. jrank. org/pages/6433/Employment-at-Will-Breach-an-Implied-Covenant-Good-Faith-Fair-Dealing. html Reda, J. , S. Reifler, & L. Thatcher. (2008). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Vettori, S. (2007). The Employment Contract and the Changed World of Work. VT: Ashgate Publishing. University of Phoenix syllabus, (2011) MGT 434 Employment Law, Little Lamb Scenario